Upper Level Biology: Inheritance/Heredity and Selection

THE SLIDE SHOW FOR INHERITANCE/HEREDITY CAN BE DOWNLOADED HERE!

YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW TO:

1. Describe the difference between continuous and discontinuous variation and give examples of each;
2. State that a chromosome includes a long molecule of DNA;
3. State that DNA is divided up into sections called genes;
4. Explain that genes may be copied and passed on to the next generation;
5. Define a gene as a unit of inheritance and distinguish clearly between the terms gene and allele;
6. Describe complete dominance using the terms dominant, recessive, phenotype and genotype;
7. Describe mutation as a change in the structure of a gene (sickle cell anaemia) or in the chromosome number (47 in Down’s syndrome instead of 46);
8. Name radiation and chemicals as factors that may increase the rate of mutation;
9. Predict the results of simple crosses with expected ratios of 3:1 and 1:1, using the terms homozygous, heterozygous, F1 generation and F2 generation;
10. Explain why observed ratios often differ from expected ratios, especially when there are small numbers of progeny;
11. Explain codominance by reference to the inheritance of the ABO blood group phenotypes (A, B, AB, O, gene alleles IA IB and IO);
12. Describe the determination of sex in humans (XX and XY chromosomes);
13. Describe variation and state that competition leads to differential survival of organisms, and reproduction by those organisms best fitted to the environment;
14. Assess the importance of natural selection as a possible mechanism for evolution;
15. Describe the role of artificial selection in the production of economically important plants and animals;
16. Explain that DNA controls the production of proteins;
17. State that each gene controls the production of one protein;
18. Explain that genes may be transferred between cells (reference should be made to transfer between organisms of the same or different species);
19. Explain that the gene that controls the production of human insulin can be inserted into bacterial DNA;
20. Understand that such genetically engineered bacteria can be used to produce human insulin on a commercial scale;
21. Discuss potential advantages and dangers of genetic engineering.

VIDEOS:

1. TEST CROSSES/PUNNETT SQUARES