For your cramming needs

Hey to anybody who sees this...! I forgot to give you guys this on the last day. Here are the links to some past papers and mark schemes for CIE GCE O' Level Physics, Chemistry and Biology past papers. For those of you doing Add. Maths, I'll put a link for those too. Just browse through all when you're studying. You still have time.


- Biology Past Papers/Mark Schemes
http://www.freeexampapers.com/past_papers.php?l=Past_Papers%2FO+Level%2FBiology%2FCIE/

- Physics Past Papers/Mark Schemes
http://www.freeexampapers.com/past_papers.php?l=Past_Papers%2FO+Level%2FPhysics%2FCIE/

- Chemistry Past Papers/Mark Schemes
http://www.freeexampapers.com/past_papers.php?l=Past_Papers%2FO+Level%2FChemistry%2FCIE/

- Add Maths Past Papers/Mark Schemes
http://www.freeexampapers.com/past_papers.php?l=Past_Papers%2FO+Level%2FAdditional+Mathematics%2FCIE/

- Other O' Level Past Papers/Mark Schemes
http://www.freeexampapers.com/past_papers.php?l=Past_Papers/O+Level/

And good luck to all of you in exams and whatever you want to be later in life!

Inheritance/Heredity and Selection

THE SLIDE SHOW FOR INHERITANCE/HEREDITY CAN BE DOWNLOADED HERE!

YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW TO:

1. Describe the difference between continuous and discontinuous variation and give examples of each;
2. State that a chromosome includes a long molecule of DNA;
3. State that DNA is divided up into sections called genes;
4. Explain that genes may be copied and passed on to the next generation;
5. Define a gene as a unit of inheritance and distinguish clearly between the terms gene and allele;
6. Describe complete dominance using the terms dominant, recessive, phenotype and genotype;
7. Describe mutation as a change in the structure of a gene (sickle cell anaemia) or in the chromosome number (47 in Down’s syndrome instead of 46);
8. Name radiation and chemicals as factors that may increase the rate of mutation;
9. Predict the results of simple crosses with expected ratios of 3:1 and 1:1, using the terms homozygous, heterozygous, F1 generation and F2 generation;
10. Explain why observed ratios often differ from expected ratios, especially when there are small numbers of progeny;
11. Explain codominance by reference to the inheritance of the ABO blood group phenotypes (A, B, AB, O, gene alleles IA IB and IO);
12. Describe the determination of sex in humans (XX and XY chromosomes);
13. Describe variation and state that competition leads to differential survival of organisms, and reproduction by those organisms best fitted to the environment;
14. Assess the importance of natural selection as a possible mechanism for evolution;
15. Describe the role of artificial selection in the production of economically important plants and animals;
16. Explain that DNA controls the production of proteins;
17. State that each gene controls the production of one protein;
18. Explain that genes may be transferred between cells (reference should be made to transfer between organisms of the same or different species);
19. Explain that the gene that controls the production of human insulin can be inserted into bacterial DNA;
20. Understand that such genetically engineered bacteria can be used to produce human insulin on a commercial scale;
21. Discuss potential advantages and dangers of genetic engineering.

VIDEOS:

1. TEST CROSSES/PUNNETT SQUARES



2. CHROMOSOMES AND GENES



3. ADVANTAGES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING



4. DISADVANTAGES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jY-868_HDbs

5. NATURAL SELECTION AND DARWIN'S THEORY



6. NATURAL SELECTION EXAMPLE - THE CASE OF THE PEPPERED MOTH



7. EXAMPLE OF A MUTAGEN (MUTATION-CAUSING CHEMICAL) - "AGENT ORANGE"





END OF SYLLABUS! HURRAY!

Reproduction in Plants

THE SLIDE SHOW FOR PLANT REPRODUCTION CAN BE DOWNLOADED HERE!

YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW TO:

1. Define sexual reproduction as the process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring.
2. Identify and draw, using a hand lens if necessary, the sepals, petals, stamens and carpels of one, locally available, named, insect-pollinated, dicotyledonous flower, and examine the pollen grains under a light microscope.
3. State the functions of the sepals, petals, anthers and carpels;
4. Use a hands lens to identify and describe the anthers and stigmas of one, locally available, named, wind-pollinated flower, and examine the pollen grains under a light microscope;
5. Outline the process of pollination and distinguish between self-pollination and cross-pollination;
6. Compare, using fresh specimens, an insect-pollinated and a wind-pollinated flower;
7. Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation (production of endosperm and details of development are not required);
8. Investigate and describe the structure of a non-endospermic seed in terms of the embryo (radicle, plumule and cotyledons) and testa, protected by the pericarp (fruit wall);
9. State that seed and fruit dispersal by wind and by animals provides a means of colonising new areas;
10. Describe the external features of one, locally available, named example of a wind-dispersed fruit or seed and of one named example of an animal-dispersed fruit or seed;
11. Investigate and state the environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds: suitable temperature, water and oxygen;
12. Describe the uses of enzymes in the germination of seeds;

VIDEOS:

1. METHODS OF POLLINATION



2. FROM A FRUIT TO A FLOWER



3. DOUBLE FERTILIZATION IN FLOWERING PLANTS



4. PARTS OF A FLOWER




NEXT TOPIC:

- INHERITANCE AND HEREDITY

Reproduction in Humans

THE SLIDE SHOW FOR HUMAN REPRODUCTION CAN BE DOWNLOADED HERE!

YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW TO:

1. Define mitosis as cell division giving rise to genetically identical cells in which the chromosome number is maintained and state the role of mitosis in growth, repair of damaged tissues, replacement of worn out cells and asexual reproduction;
2. Define asexual reproduction as the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent and describe one named, commercially important application of asexual reproduction in plants;
3. Define meiosis as a reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid;
4. State that gametes are the result of meiosis (reduction division);
5. Define sexual reproduction as the process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring;
6. Identify on diagrams of the male reproductive system and give the functions of the testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis;
7. Identify on diagrams of the female reproductive system and give the functions of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina;
8. Compare male and female gametes in terms of size, numbers and mobility;
9. Describe the menstrual cycle, with reference to the alternation of menstruation and ovulation, the natural variation in its length and the fertile and infertile phases of the cycle;
10. Explain the role of hormones in controlling the menstrual cycle (including FSH, LH, progesterone and oestrogen);
11. Describe fertilisation and early development of the zygote simply in terms of the formation of a ball of cells that becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus;
12. State the function of the amniotic sac and the amniotic fluid;
13. Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products (no structural details are required);
14. Describe the special dietary needs of pregnant women;
15. Describe the advantages of breast milk compared with bottle milk;
16. Describe the following methods of birth control: natural, chemical (spermicides), mechanical, hormonal and surgical;
17. Explain that syphilis is caused by a bacterium that is transmitted during sexual intercourse;
18. Describe the symptoms, signs, effects and treatment of syphilis;
19. Discuss the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and methods by which it may be controlled.

VIDEOS:

1. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM




2. ANATOMY - MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM



3. ANATOMY - FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM



4. STAGES OF ZYGOTE FORMATION AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE



5. FERTILIZATION AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT



6. HIV AND AIDS



7. SYPHILIS



8. DIPLOID AND HAPLOID CELLS



9. PREGNANCY DIET





NEXT TOPIC:

- REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Microorganisms and Biotechnology

THE SLIDE SHOW FOR MICROORGANISMS CAN BE DOWNLOADED HERE!

YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW TO:

1. List the main characteristics of the following groups: viruses, bacteria and fungi;
2. Outline the role of microorganisms in decomposition;
3. Explain the role of yeast in the production of bread and alcohol;
4. Outline the role of bacteria in yoghurt and cheese production;
5. Describe the use of fermenters for large-scale production of antibiotics and single cell protein;
6. Describe the role of the fungus Penicillium in the production of penicillin.

VIDEOS:

1. YEAST AND ALCOHOL PRODUCTION




2. CHEESE AND BREAD PRODUCTION



3. USES OF BACTERIA



4. MICROORGANISM MONTAGE



5. DECOMPOSITION OF A RABBIT



6. VIRUSES



7. FUNGI





NEXT TOPIC:

- REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
- STI'S AND CONTRACEPTION

Ecology, Part II: Human Impact on Ecosystems

THE SLIDE SHOW IS THE SAME AS ECOLOGY, PART I.

YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW TO:

• Describe the effects of humans on the ecosystem with emphasis on examples of international importance (tropical rain forests, oceans and important rivers);
• Describe the consequences of deforestation in terms of its effects on soil stability, climate and local human populations;
• Evaluate the effects of:

1. water pollution by sewage, by inorganic waste and by nitrogen-containing fertilizers;
2. air pollution by greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and methane), contributing to global warming;
3. air pollution by acidic gases (sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen), contributing to acid rain;
4. pollution due to insecticides;

• Discuss reasons for conservation of species with reference to maintenance of biodiversity, management of fisheries and management of timber production;
• Discuss reasons for recycling materials, with reference to named examples.

VIDEOS:

1. COST OF POLLUTION




2. AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH



3. WATER POLLUTION



4. DEFORESTATION



5. WILDLIFE CONSERVATION



6. CONSEQUENCES OF OVERFISHING





NEXT TOPIC:

- MICRO-ORGANISMS AND BIO-TECHNOLOGY

Ecology, Part I: The Ecosystem

DOWNLOAD THE SLIDES FOR ECOLOGY HERE!
(EDIT: Sorry, uploaded the wrong file before. The new URL links to the Ecosystems Powerpoint)

YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW TO:

1. State that the Sun is the principal source of energy input to biological systems
2. Describe the non-cyclical nature of energy flow
3. Define the following terms and establish the relationship of each in food webs: producer, consumer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer, food chain
4. Describe energy losses between trophic levels and infer the advantages of short food chains
5. Describe and interpret pyramids of numbers, of biomass and of energy.
   
6. Describe and state the importance of the carbon cycle
7. Describe the nitrogen cycle in making available nitrogen for plant and animal protein, including the role of bacteria in nitrogen fixation, decomposition and nitrification (details of denitrification and the names of individual bacteria are not required)
8. Understand the role of the mosquito as a vector of disease
9. Describe the malaria pathogen as an example of a parasite and describe the transmission and control of the malarial pathogen (details of the life cycle of the pathogen are not required)

VIDEOS:

1. WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM?




2. THE FOOD CHAIN



3. THE CARBON CYCLE



4. THE NITROGEN CYCLE (CLICK TO WATCH!)

5. MALARIA




NEXT TOPIC:

- ECOLOGY, PART II: HUMAN EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEMS

P.S. The highest marks in Course Assessment #1 (Term 2) are as follows:

• JOSIAH - 95
• BRANDON - 93 (also most improved student)
  
• NISSANA - 92
• CHRISTOPHER - 92
• KRYSTAL - 90
  
• LAURA - 90

Congratulations!